Archive for the ‘metaphor’ Category

030723 – Limits of consciousness

Wednesday, July 23rd, 2003

030723 – Limits of consciousness

Is important to note that we’re not conscious of absolutely everything that goes on in our bodies.  We’re not conscious of the normal functioning of our lymphatic system.  We’re not conscious of the normal functioning of the stomach, the liver, the pancreas, etc. We’re not conscious of changes in the iris of the eye.  With respect to these functions, we’re zombies.

We’re not ordinarily conscious of breathing, although we have the ability to take deep breaths or to hold our breaths.  Breathing is sometimes conscious, sometimes not.

I wouldn’t say we’re very good at imagining smells or tastes, but I can’t speak to the abilities of a skilled smeller or taster.  Still, we can recognize specific tastes and smells (new Coca-Cola didn’t taste like “Classic” Coca-Cola and people didn’t need a side-by-side comparison to know that).

I think I vote with Lakoff on the fact that our model of just about anything is ultimately based on our model of our self.  Or at least our models ultimately refer “metaphorically” to built-in [well, maybe not built-in, but acquired in the course of post-natal (and possibly some pre-natal) experience] “concepts” relating in some way to perceptual experience, often kinesthetic.  It is certainly the case that some of our knowledge is factual, e.g., the battle of Hastings was fought in 1066.  Other knowledge is procedural, I would say “model based”.  Model based knowledge is of necessity based on metaphor.  That is, the behavior of something is referenced mutatis mutandis to the behavior of something else already understood or at least already modeled.

An important model is our internal model of another person.  Is not clear to me whether the origin of this model is self-observation or observation of others.  Is there an internal model of the self and an internal model of another person?  Or are they one and the same, available to be applied equally to oneself or another?  Certainly, a key element of our model of another is projection of our own understanding onto the other.  Now comes the fun part.  By “introspection” it is clear that because I have a model of another person, my model of another person should include a model of that person’s model of yet another person.  So from these models, I now have available my own behavior (whether actual or under consideration), my anticipation of the behavior of another, and my anticipation of the other’s understanding of my behavior [and so on, but not infinitely because of (literally) memory limitations].

030502 – Lakoff, metaphor and metonymy

Friday, May 2nd, 2003

We observe displacement activities in animals.  When an animal is frustrated in an attempt to attain a goal, it sometimes exhibits activity characteristic of an attempt to reach a different goal.  We characterize this as displacement.  Such behavior is sufficiently widespread to conclude that it is at least not detrimental to survival and it may be that an argument may be made for it being favorable to survival.  Arguably, the majority of human time is spent in such displacement activities.

If we grant a certain universality of displacement, at least among animals we regard as closely related to us on the evolutionary scale (e.g., mammals), can we identify patterns of displacement that are analogous to what Lakoff describes as metaphor and metonymy?  In other words, is the human capacity (facility, propensity) to use these patterns (processes) evident in other animals about which it may be easier to think?  Metaphor is, after all, a redirection of attention from one pattern to another pattern which is in some significant way different from and in some significant way similar to the original pattern.

Lakoff insists on a distinction between metaphor, where one thing stands for another, and metonymy, where a part of one thing stands for the whole.  I guess I see metonymy as a special case of metaphor, and I would change its definition slightly to say that in metonymy a part of one thing is used as a metaphor for the whole.

I guess I think in terms of activation of patterns, where a pattern is like a Prolog [a programming language] predicate: it has slots that may or may not be bound to particular instances of things which may themselves be things or patterns.

But more than that, I see humans as pattern-extraction machines.   It may be that the way we understand our environment is that our perceptions and experiences activate patterns that we know about (that we know how to deal with).  After all, that’s pretty much what the visual system does.  It finds patterns and provides gestalts.  A gestalt is a percept.  It comes to us as a whole (a gestalt), but we can inspect its components.

Indeed, gestalt is the prototypical part / whole pattern.

Short-cuts are an essential part of behavior.  There seems to be a race for the effectors or a race to create an effector plan.  First one to show up with a complete plan or plan fragment wins.  Example: I can write the word ‘of’ using the ‘o’ and the ‘f’ I was taught to use when learning to write in script; but I have also acquired a digraph ‘of’ glyph that I can write faster.  Most of the time, I write the digraph for the word ‘of’, but use the two individual glyphs when the letter ‘o’ is followed by ‘f’ in any other context.  Similarly, I have variant forms for ‘s’, ‘t’, and ‘r’.  Whichever I produce, I rarely, if ever, end up creating a monster glyph that is some amalgam or of two forms or a doubling in two forms (which one might expect to happen if multiple motor plans ran at once).

This was part of Lashley’s serial order in behavior paper, although he did not, to my recollection, characterize the process as a race, but that was the gist of it.  Serving as the staging area for serial behavior plans may be one of the functions of short-term memory that David Marr was alluding to when he said, “I expect that there are several ‘intellectual reflexes’ that operate on items held there about which nothing is yet known and which will eventually be held to be the crucial things about short-term memory.”  (Marr 1982, p.348)

Preconscious processing of ambiguous words and phrases slows down when two alternative interpretations are more balanced in likelihood and the ambiguity is more difficult to resolve.  (Paraphrased from Baars 1994, which cites MacKay 1966 “To End Ambiguous Sentences” as the source.  See also Paula M. Niedenthal 2007.  “”Embodying Emotion.”  Science, 316: 1002-1005)

(Lakoff 1987, p452) “Any adequate psychological account of the learning of, and memory for, the human lexicon will have to take account of the phenomenon of folk etymology—that is, it will have to include an account of why expressions with motivating links are easier to learn and remember than random pairings.”

‘”Much in language is a matter of degree”. This section states most strongly Langacker’s conviction that most of the psychological grounding of language uses mechanisms which work by approximation rather than by any type of formal logic. He believes that the basic nature of categorization is well stated by the prototype model and that most distinctions are based on gradients rather than dichotomies. (from www.lloydrice.com review retrieved 030502 of Langacker 1987 Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. I)